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8 of 10
Year=2019
Directed by=Kelly Reichardt
genre=Drama
creator=Jonathan Raymond
Runtime=121min

Lobsters are immortal ;3. This may be the first time in my life that a movie trailer brought me to tears. I have to see this film.

IF YOU THINK IT'S TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE. THEN IT PROBABLY IS. OH. ITS A TYLER PERRY FILM. YOU KNOW IT WILL BE GREAT. This looks wonderful. I love that you go to my nail shop I hope to run into u one day I was just there last night. A24, Release Date: March 6, 2020, PG-13 Starring: Alia Shawkat, Clayton Nemrow, Dylan Smith, Ewen Bremner, Gary Farmer, Jeb Berrier, John Keating, John Magaro, Lily Gladstone, Manuel Rodriguez, Orion Lee, Patrick D. Green, René Auberjonois, Scott Shepherd, Ted Rooney, Toby Jones, Todd A. Robinson Summary: A taciturn loner and skilled cook (John Magaro) has traveled west and joined a group of fur trappers in Oregon Territory, though he only finds true connection with a Chinese immigrant (Orion Lee) also seeking his fortune; soon the two collaborate on a successful business, although its longevity is reliant upon the clandestine participation A taciturn loner and skilled cook (John Magaro) has traveled west and joined a group of fur trappers in Oregon Territory, though he only finds true connection with a Chinese immigrant (Orion Lee) also seeking his fortune; soon the two collaborate on a successful business, although its longevity is reliant upon the clandestine participation of a nearby wealthy landowners prized milking cow. … Expand Genre(s) Drama Rating: PG-13 Runtime: 121 min.

One of the best films I've seen in a really long time. First Cow Theatrical release poster Directed by Kelly Reichardt Produced by Neil Kopp Vincent Savino Anish Savjani Screenplay by Kelly Reichardt Jonathan Raymond Based on The Half Life by Jonathan Raymond Starring John Magaro Orion Lee René Auberjonois Music by William Tyler Cinematography Christopher Blauvelt Edited by Kelly Reichardt Production companies FilmScience IAC Films Distributed by A24 Release date August 30, 2019 ( Telluride) March 6, 2020 (United States) Running time 121 minutes [1] Country United States Language English First Cow is a 2019 American drama film directed by Kelly Reichardt, from a screenplay by Reichardt and Jonathan Raymond based on Raymond's novel The Half Life. It stars John Magaro, Orion Lee, Toby Jones, Ewen Bremner, Alia Shawkat, and René Auberjonois in his final film role. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2019. It is scheduled to be released on March 6, 2020, by A24. It was also selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival. [2] 3] Cast [ edit] John Magaro as Cookie Figowitz Orion Lee as King Lu Toby Jones Ewen Bremner Scott Shepherd Gary Farmer Lily Gladstone Alia Shawkat Production [ edit] In October 2018, it was announced Kelly Reichardt would direct the film, from a screenplay she wrote alongside Jonathan Raymond. Neil Kopp, Vincent Savino, Anish Savjani, Scott Rudin and Eli Bush will produce the film under their FilmScience and Scott Rudin Productions banners, respectively, while A24 will distribute. [4] 5] In November 2018, René Auberjonois was cast in the film. [6] In March 2019, it was announced John Magaro had joined the cast of the film. [7] Principal photography began in November 2018. [8] Release [ edit] It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2019. [9] It screened at the New York Film Festival on September 28, 2019. [10] It is scheduled to be released on March 6, 2020. [11] References [ edit] "First Cow. New York Film Festival. Retrieved August 6, 2019. ^ The 70th Berlinale Competition and Further Films to Complete the Berlinale Special. Berlinale. Retrieved 29 January 2020. ^ Berlin Competition Lineup Revealed: Sally Potter, Kelly Reichardt, Eliza Hittman, Abel Ferrara. Variety. Retrieved 29 January 2020. ^ Nordine, Michael (October 31, 2018. First Cow' Kelly Reichardt's Follow-Up to 'Certain Women' Is a Period Piece Set in Oregon and China. IndieWire. Retrieved March 13, 2019. ^ Production Weekly" PDF. Production Weekly. December 20, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2019. ^ Auberjonois, Rene (November 30, 2018. Oh dear! I know! I've been AWOL. a combination of family stuff, travel, and the dregs of a miserable cold (better now. Going to Oregon on Sunday to shoot a 'bit' on "FIRST COW" new film by Kelly Reichardt! Excited. Twitter. Retrieved November 30, 2018. ^ Hipes, Patrick (March 12, 2019. John Magaro Joins 'The Many Saints Of Newark' In Reteam With David Chase. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 13, 2019. ^ Lavallee, Eric (October 31, 2018. Her Old Joy: Kelly Reichardt Finds Oregon by Way of China in "First Cow. Retrieved March 13, 2019. ^ Hammond, Pete (August 29, 2019. Telluride Film Festival: Ford V Ferrari. Judy. Motherless Brooklyn' Weinstein-Inspired Drama 'The Assistant' Among Premieres Headed To 46th Edition – Full List. Retrieved August 29, 2019. ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (August 6, 2019. 57th New York Film Festival Sets Full Slate; Pedro Almodovar, Bong Joon-ho Bring Their Cannes Prize Winners. Retrieved August 6, 2019. ^ First Cow. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 29, 2019. External links [ edit] First Cow on IMDb.

Critics Consensus No consensus yet. 90% TOMATOMETER Total Count: 10 Coming soon Release date: Mar 6, 2020 Audience Score Ratings: Not yet available First Cow Ratings & Reviews Explanation First Cow Videos Movie Info Kelly Reichardt once again trains her perceptive and patient eye on the Pacific Northwest, this time evoking an authentically hardscrabble early nineteenth century way of life. A taciturn loner and skilled cook (John Magaro) has traveled west and joined a group of fur trappers in Oregon Territory, though he only finds true connection with a Chinese immigrant (Orion Lee) also seeking his fortune; soon the two collaborate on a successful business, although its longevity is reliant upon the clandestine participation of a nearby wealthy landowner's prized milking cow. From this simple premise Reichardt constructs an interrogation of foundational Americana that recalls her earlier triumph Old Joy in its sensitive depiction of male friendship, yet is driven by a mounting suspense all its own. Reichardt again shows her distinct talent for depicting the peculiar rhythms of daily living and ability to capture the immense, unsettling quietude of rural America. Rating: PG-13 (for brief strong language) Genre: Directed By: Written By: In Theaters: Mar 6, 2020 limited Runtime: 122 minutes Studio: A24 Cast News & Interviews for First Cow Critic Reviews for First Cow Audience Reviews for First Cow There are no featured reviews for First Cow because the movie has not released yet (Mar 6, 2020. See Movies in Theaters First Cow Quotes News & Features.

Timmy Fiasco: Errar é Humano. It gave me chills while watching cows go out for the first time in barn. I enjoyed the drone shots. And it also remind us that all of us are hungry for a freedom. I'm ust teary-eyed while watching this vid! Kudos to that moment! 😍.

#HereonthepageFirst Cow. First Cow Movie watchers. Dude at the end look at them boys down there. With they freaky ass 😹😹. First Cow Movie watching. This looks cute. Its like a Wes Anderson movie for kids. Baby love, He's just a color other than yours, but he's your brother. The All-Mighty made it so, dont follow superficial, delusional ignorance. At the end of the day we are ALL from one (Adam) and returning to none (dust. BeKind my loves. Please. 1:21 the black Frank Reynolds. The last scene will be a dream, i bet. After the first one, i doubt theyd go full on Chucky on this with Brahms spirit posessing a doll.

Stop nerfing shinobi. They are adorable. Looks just like when elementary school let's out at 3:00 pm when school kids just run and jump in relief.

Please Do A Video of When People First Discovered Fire 😂😂

I left my heart at THE LAST BLACK MAN IN SAN FRANCISCO. I wonder if the video game is still considered canon since it recently got remastered and it was written and considered the third movie by dan and harold. Watch* Download…* First I recommend to watch Free Online First Cow Watch First Cow full movie download in tamil First Cow Online Hindi HBO 2018 Online. First Cow Movie watchcartoononline. Edit Storyline A loner and cook (John Magaro) has traveled west and joined a group of fur trappers in Oregon Territory, though he only finds connection with a Chinese immigrant (Orion Lee. The men collaborate on a business, although its longevity is reliant upon the participation of a wealthy landowner's prized milking cow. Written by A24 Plot Summary, Add Synopsis Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA) Rated PG-13 for brief strong language. Details Release Date: 6 March 2020 (USA) See more » Company Credits Technical Specs See full technical specs ».

So the cycle starts again. Do you buy all your calves off farm, or thriugh marts? Berty is some tool ain't he. First cow movie watch 2017. First cow movie watch english. Dir: Kelly Reichardt. US. 2019. 121 mins. Some filmmakers produce wide, colour-splashed canvases. Kelly Reichardt makes subtly shaded miniatures. First Cow, arriving at the New York Film Festival after its Telluride bow, is another in her carefully carved cameos of equally circumscribed, working-class lives. Although its unlikely to expand her appeal – and the ensemble lacks the marquee value of some of her recent casts – its quiet humanism and painstaking attention to detail are sure to appeal to the core audience which has faithfully followed her for more than a decade. Reichardt has always told small stories for a small audience, and even within those self-imposed constraints, First Cow is a minor work. Her first period piece since Meeks Cutoff (and one of her few films not to find a part for regular collaborator Michelle Williams) Reichardts First Cow takes place in wild, early-19 th -century Oregon, where men trade beaver pelts for silver ingots, and the arrival of that singular, titular livestock is a remarkable event. Its a time and a place where the future is still unwritten – and so two strangers decide to write their own by selling delicious baked goods to trappers hungry for a taste of home. Its an unusual partnership. Cookie Figowitz (John Magaro) a quiet wanderer from Maryland, is a skilled cook but naturally shy and cautious. King Lu (Orion Lee) a Chinese immigrant on the run from a murder charge, is a born opportunist, impatient to start making the fortune he knows he deserves. Beavers werent the answer. But its possible Cookies cakes might be, particularly if the two men can steal enough fresh milk from that new cow – a literal cash cow – to keep expanding their business. It seems unlikely their plans will proceed unimpeded (particularly since the film starts with the present-day discovery of a shallow grave. But Reichardt isnt interested in conventional suspense, or even constructing a complicated narrative (the script, which she wrote with novelist Jonathan Raymond, jettisons a large part of his book. Instead, Reichardts focus is, as usual, on the economic struggles of her rural characters. How will Cookie Figowitz and King Lu, starting with nearly nothing, build any security for themselves? What crimes and compromises will be necessary? Reichardt, however, is interested in constructing more than just an economic parable. Because while Cookie and King Lu are partners in business, they soon become partners in life, too, treating each other with gentle concern, complementing each others strengths and weaknesses. Its never eroticised, Brokeback Mountain style – not even when, after first meeting a terrified and naked King Lu in the forest, Cookie invites him back to his tent. Yet theres a sweet companionship here thats both charming and very real. The film has other charms. Cinematographer Christopher Blauvelt, whos shot Reichardt has last three pictures, draws dramatic distinctions between the greens and blues of the unspoiled Pacific Northwest (verdant forests, rushing rivers) and the browns and greys of mans improvements (foul streets, crumbling shacks. And the cast is filled with lovely little surprises, character actors who not only add life to the proceedings but a reminder of what a mess of transplanted misfits the frontier was, with Toby Jones as an Englishman trying to keep Regency styles alive, and Ewen Bremner as a rough Scot desperate for a decent game of cribbage. (Best is the veteran Rene Auberjonois as a hermit who barely gets in a word, yet seems to get all the films laughs. ) Reichardt has always told small stories for a small audience, and even within those self-imposed constraints, First Cow is a minor work. It doesnt have the ambitions of Certain Women, which laid out various narratives and then brought in the star power of Williams, Kristen Stewart and Laura Dern; it doesnt build to the heart-rending climax of Wendy and Lucy. But it is still perfectly made, perfectly acted and ultimately moving – a melancholy memory in miniature, a Daguerreotype of a distant time that may be more like our own than we know. Production companies: Film Science International sales: A24, i Producers: Neil Kopp, Vincent Savino, Anish Savjani Screenplay: Kelly Reichardt, Jonathan Raymond, based on the novel by Jonathan Raymond. Editing: Kelly Reichardt Cinematography: Christopher Blauvelt Music: William Tyler Main cast: John Magaro, Orion Lee, Toby Jones, Rene Auberjonois, Ewen Bremner.

According to archaeological and genetic evidence, wild cattle or aurochs ( Bos primigenius) were likely domesticated independently at least twice and perhaps three times. A distantly related Bos species, the yak ( Bos grunniens grunniens or Poephagus grunniens) was domesticated from its still-living wild form, B. grunniens or B. grunniens mutus. As domesticated animals go, cattle are among the earliest, perhaps because of the multitude of useful products they provide humans: food products such as milk, blood, fat, and meat; secondary products such as clothing and tools manufactured from hair, hides, horns, hooves and bones; dung for fuel; as well as load-bearers and for pulling plows. Culturally, cattle are banked resources, which can provide bride-wealth and trade as well as rituals such as feasting and sacrifices. Aurochs were significant enough to Upper Paleolithic hunters in Europe to be included in cave paintings such as those of Lascaux. Aurochs were one of the largest herbivores in Europe, with the largest bulls reaching shoulder heights of between 160-180 centimeters (5. 2-6 feet) with massive frontal horns of up to 80 cm (31 inches) in length. Wild yaks have black upward- and backward-curving horns and long shaggy black to brown coats. The adult males can be 2 m (6. 5 ft) high, over 3 m (10 ft) long and can weigh between 600-1200 kilograms (1300-2600 pounds) females weigh only 300 kg (650 pounds) on average. Domestication Evidence Archaeologists and biologists are agreed that there is strong evidence for two distinct domestication events from aurochs: B. taurus in the near east about 10, 500 years ago, and B. indicus in the Indus valley of the Indian subcontinent about 7, 000 years ago. There may have been a third auroch domesticate in Africa (tentatively called B. africanus) about 8, 500 years ago. Yaks were domesticated in central Asia about 7, 000-10, 000 years ago. Recent mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) studies also indicate that B. taurus was introduced into Europe and Africa where they interbred with local wild animals (aurochs. Whether these occurrences should be considered as separate domestication events is somewhat under debate. Recent genomic studies (Decker et al. 2014) of 134 modern breeds supports the presence of the three domestication events, but also found evidence for later migration waves of animals to and from the three main loci of domestication. Modern cattle are significantly different today from the earliest domesticated versions. Three Auroch Domesticates Bos taurus The taurine (humpless cattle, B. taurus) was most likely domesticated somewhere in the Fertile Crescent about 10, 500 years ago. The earliest substantive evidence for cattle domestication anywhere in the world is the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. One strong strand of evidence of the locus of domestication for any animal or plant is genetic diversity: places that developed a plant or animal generally have high diversity in those species; places where the domesticates were brought in, have lesser diversity. The highest diversity of genetics in cattle is in the Taurus Mountains. A gradual decline in overall body size of aurochs, a characteristic of domestication, is seen at several sites in southeastern Turkey, beginning as early as the late 9th at Cayonu Tepesi. Small-bodied cattle do not appear in archaeological assemblages in the eastern Fertile Crescent until relatively late (6th millennium BC) and then abruptly. Based on that, Arbuckle et al. (2016) surmise that domestic cattle arose in the upper reaches of the Euphrates river. Taurine cattle were traded across the planet, first into Neolithic Europe about 6400 BC; and they appear in archaeological sites as far away as northeastern Asia (China, Mongolia, Korea) by about 5000 years ago. Bos indicus (or B. taurus indicus) Recent mtDNA evidence for domesticated zebu (humped cattle, B. indicus) suggests that two major lineages of B. indicus are currently present in modern animals. One (called I1) predominates in southeast Asia and southern China and is likely to have been domesticated in the Indus Valley region of what is today Pakistan. Evidence of the transition of wild to domestic B. indicus is in evidence in Harappan sites such as Mehrgahr about 7, 000 years ago. The second strain, I2, may have been captured in East Asia, but apparently was also domesticated in the Indian subcontinent, based on the presence of a broad range of diverse genetic elements. The evidence for this strain is not entirely conclusive as of yet. Possible: Bos africanus or Bos taurus Scholars are divided about the likelihood of a third domestication event having occurred in Africa. The earliest domesticated cattle in Africa have been found at Capeletti, Algeria, about 6500 BP, but Bos remains are found at African sites in what is now Egypt, such as Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba, as long ago as 9, 000 years, and they may be domesticated. Early cattle remains have also been found at Wadi el-Arab (8500-6000 BC) and El Barga (6000-5500 BC. One significant difference for taurine cattle in Africa is a genetic tolerance to trypanosomosis, the disease spread by the tsetse fly which causes anemia and parasitemia in cattle, but the exact genetic marker for that trait has not been identified to date. A recent study (Stock and Gifford-Gonzalez 2013) found that although genetic evidence for African domesticated cattle is not as comprehensive or detailed as that for other forms of cattle, what there is available suggests that domestic cattle in Africa are the result of wild aurochs having been introduced into local domestic B. taurus populations. A genomic study published in 2014 (Decker et al. indicates that while considerable introgression and breeding practices have altered the population structure of modern day cattle, there is still consistent evidence for three major groups of domestic cattle. Lactase Persistence One recent strain of evidence for the domestication of cattle comes from the study of lactase persistence, the ability to digest milk sugar lactose in adults (the opposite of lactose intolerance. Most mammals, including humans, can tolerate milk as infants, but after weaning, they lose that ability. Only about 35% of people in the world are able to digest milk sugars as adults without discomfort, a trait called lactase persistence. This is a genetic trait, and it is theorized that it would have selected for in human populations that had ready access to fresh milk. Early Neolithic populations who domesticated sheep, goats and cattle would not have yet developed this trait, and probably processed the milk into cheese, yogurt, and butter prior to consuming it. Lactase persistence has been connected most directly with the spread of dairying practices associated with cattle, sheep, and goats into Europe by Linearbandkeramik populations beginning about 5000 BC. And a Yak ( Bos grunniens grunniens or Poephagus grunniens) The domestication of yaks may well have made human colonization of the high Tibetan Plateau (also known as Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau) possible. Yaks are extremely well adapted to the arid steppes at high elevations, where low oxygen, high solar radiation, and extreme cold are common. In addition to the milk, meat, blood, fat, and pack energy benefits, perhaps the most important yak byproduct in the cool, arid climate is dung. The availability of yak dung as a fuel was a critical factor in allowing for the colonization of the high region, where other fuel sources are lacking. Yaks possess large lungs and hearts, expansive sinuses, long hair, thick soft fur (very useful for cold-weather clothing) and few sweat glands. Their blood contains a high hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, all of which make cold adaptations possible. Domestic Yaks The main difference between wild and domestic yaks is their size. Domestic yaks are smaller than their wild relatives: adults are generally no more than 1. 5 m (5 ft) tall, with males weighing between 300-500 kg (600-1100 lbs) and females between 200-300 kg (440-600 lbs. They have white or piebald coats and lack gray-white muzzle hairs. They can and do interbreed with wild yaks, and all yaks have the high altitude physiology they are prized for. There are three types of domestic yaks in China, based on morphology, physiology, and geographical distribution: a valley type distributed in the valleys of north and east Tibet, and some parts of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces; a plateau grassland type mainly found in the high, cold pastures and steppes that maintain an annual average temperature below 2 degrees centigrade; and white yaks found in almost every region in China. Domesticating the Yak Historical reports dated to the Chinese Han Dynasty state that yaks were domesticated by the Qiang people during the Longshan culture period in China, about 5, 000 years ago. The Qiang were ethnic groups who inhabited the Tibetan Plateau borderlands including Qinghai Lake. Han Dynasty records also say the Qiang people had a "Yak State" during the Han dynasty, 221 BC-220 AD, based on a highly successful trade network. Trade routes involving domestic yak were recorded beginning in the Qin dynasty records (221-207 BC) predating and no doubt part of precursors to the Silk Road - and cross-breeding experiments with Chinese yellow cattle to create the hybrid dzo are described there as well. Genetic ( mtDNA) studies support the Han Dynasty records that yaks were domesticated on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, although the genetic data does not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn about the number of domestication events. The variety and distribution of mtDNA are not clear, and it is possible that multiple domestication events from the same gene pool, or interbreeding between wild and domesticated animals occurred. However, the mtDNA and archaeological results also blur the dating of the domestication. The earliest evidence for domesticated yak is from the Qugong site, ca. 3750-3100 calendar years ago (cal BP) and the Dalitaliha site, ca 3, 000 cal BP near Qinghai Lake. Qugong has a large number of yak bones with an overall small stature; Dalitaliha has a clay figurine thought to represent a yak, the remnants of a wood-fenced corral, and fragments of hubs from spoked wheels. The mtDNA evidence suggests domestication took place as early as 10, 000 years BP, and Guo et al. argue that the Qinghai lake Upper Paleolithic colonizers domesticated the yak. The most conservative conclusion to draw from this is that yaks were first domesticated in northern Tibet, probably the Qinghai Lake region, and were derived from wild yak for the production of wool, milk, meat and manual labor, at least 5000 cal bp. How Many Are There? Wild yaks were widespread and abundant in the Tibetan Plateau up until the late 20th century when hunters decimated their numbers. They are now considered highly endangered with an estimated population of ~15, 000. They are protected by law but still illegally hunted. Domestic yaks, on the other hand, are abundant, an estimated 14-15 million in central highland Asia. The current distribution of yaks is from the southern slopes of the Himalayas to the Altai and Hangai Mountains of Mongolia and Russia. Approximately 14 million yaks live in China, representing about 95% of the world's population; the remaining five percent are in Mongolia, Russia, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sikkim and Pakistan. Sources Colominas, Lídia. "The impact of the Roman Empire on animal husbandry practices: study of the changes in cattle morphology in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula through osteometric and ancient DNA analyses. " Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Angela Schlumbaum, Maria Saña, Volume 6, Issue 1, SpringerLink, March 2014. Park SDE, Magee DA, McGettigan PA, Teasdale MD, Edwards CJ, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Braud M, Donoghue MT, Liu Y et al. 2015. Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle. Genome Biology 16(1) 1-15. Qiu, Qiang. "Yak whole-genome resequencing reveals domestication signatures and prehistoric population expansions. Nature Communications, Lizhong Wang, Kun Wang, et al., Volume 6, Article number: 10283, Decemeber 22, 2015. Stock, Frauke. "Genetics and African Cattle Domestication. African Archaeological Review, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Volume 30, Issue 1, SpingerLink, March 2013. Teasdale MD, and Bradley DG. 2012. The Origins of Cattle. Bovine Genomics: Wiley-Blackwell. p 1-10. Upadhyay, MR. "Genetic origin, admixture and population history of aurochs (Bos primigenius) and primitive European cattle. Heredity, W Chen, J A Lenstra, et al., Volume 118, Nature, September 28, 2016.

Reichardt's tender story of 19th century friendship consolidates the themes of her previous movies to hypnotic effect. Few filmmakers wrestle with what it means to be American the way Kelly Reichardt has injected that question into all of her movies. In a meticulous fashion typical of her spellbinding approach, “ First Cow ” consolidates the potent themes of everything leading up to it: It returns her to the nascent America of the 19th century frontier at the center of “Meeks Cutoff, ” touches on the environmental frustrations of “Night Moves, ” revels in the glorious isolation of the countryside in “Certain Women, ” and the somber travails of vagrancy at the center of “Wendy and Lucy. ” Mostly, though, “First Cow” unfolds like “Old Joy” in the Oregon Territory. Once again, Reichardt has crafted a wondrous little story about two friends roaming the natural splendors of the Pacific Northwest, searching for their place in the world. The appeal of this hypnotic, unpredictable movie comes from how they find that place through mutual failure, and the nature of that outcome in the context of an early, untamed America has rich implications that gradually seep into the frame. Reichardt excels at communing with natural beauty and humankinds complex relationship to it, but “First Cow” pushes that motif into timeless resonance. Though the bulk of “First Cow” unfolds in 1820, it begins with a modern-day prologue in the same woodsy location, where a young woman (Alia Shawkat in a fleeting cameo) uncovers two skeletons lying side by side in the woods. That tantalizing image follows a quote from William Blake — “the bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship” — establishing the instinctive bond that follows. From there, the movie flashes back to the distant past, telling the origin story of those skeletons as an unsuspecting buddy movie. It begins with the plight of Cookie (John Magaro) a shy pushover roaming through the forest and serving as the cook for a group of virile fur trappers. Foraging one night after dark, he comes across a wandering Chinese man named King-Lu (Orion Lee) who left his native land long ago and claims to be on the lam from Russians. Its never quite clear just how much King-Lus story has been invented by the mysterious traveler, but when the pair reconnect at the barren Royal West Pacific Trading Post, they immediately bond over mutual alienation. And then, a sneaky business opportunity: When they spot a nearby property owner bringing the first cow to the region, they come up with a plot to steal its milk so they can sell biscuits and oil cakes to the weary travelers passing through the region. With time, this plot becomes an origin story of greed, desperation, and the American dream, rooting it in a sincere desire to find success in an unforgiving world. Cookie and King-Lu may be reckless, but theyre a lovable pair, compelled by a quest to succeed that transcends the specificity of its setting. Theres a fundamental metaphorical dimension to this unusual plot — the very nature of Eastern and Western characters, hesitant to join forces as they map out an unrealistic plan to conquer the world, invites many interpretations — but Reichardt doesnt overplay it. Instead, “First Cow” lingers in the scenery, with cinematographer Christopher Blauvelt drawing out the storybook wonders of a landscape dominated by hulking trees and unforgiving rivers. “History hasnt gotten here yet, ” King-Lu tells his new pal, and its unclear if their presence represents an opportunity or a threat. “First Cow” has been adapted from “The Half-Life, ” a novel by Reichardts longtime collaborator John Raymond, who co-wrote the screenplay with her. Raymonds novel, however, contrasted the frontier setting with a modern-day tale of friendship; by dropping that storyline, Reichardt allows the period backdrop to take on an inquisitive quality that interrogates the present without confronting it directly. William Tylers ebullient score draws out the gradual sense of possibility percolating through the empty scenery, and gives the story a sweeter quality than the melancholy dominating much of her work. It hovers in the ambition of its characters, setting up the emotional process they undergo when the reality of their scheme comes crashing into the pictures. Eventually, the pair run into problems with a wealthy British trade mogul (Toby Jones, relishing the part of an avaricious colonist) who hires them to bring some of their tasty biscuits over, not realizing theyve been stealing ingredients from his backyard to make them. This encounter sets the scene for a mesmerizing chase across the messy scenery, and a hypnotic encounter with indigenous peoples that serves as Reichardts latest trenchant reminder that someone else had this land first. But even here, Reichardt doesnt indict her wayward characters for falling prey to proto-capitalist impulses; instead, theyre victims of a universal struggle to find success and stability, and in the process they find each other. With a few more telling glances, “First Cow” might have turned the ballad of King-Lu and Cookie into the material for a homoerotic Western, but Reichardt doesnt force that context onto material with broader intentions for its characters. Magaro buries himself in the role of a lonely introvert a world apart from his more conventional turns on “Orange is the New Black” and in “Carol, ” crafting a tender figure whose understated nature makes it all too easy for others to impose their agenda onto him. Lee, meanwhile, inhabits a mysterious figure at odds with his foreign identity, with a sneaky grin that hides big plans that never quite come to fruition. King-Lu and Cookie need each other not only to survive but to bond over that very same need, and “First Cow” commiserates with their journey in a kind-hearted fashion that allows the movie to resonate with more warmth than it initially lets on. As with all of her work, Reichardt communes with the notion that even reckless people simply want to find meaning in their small corners of existence, and the last three words of the story — “Ive got you” — have a cathartic power that suggests no victory can be greater than companionship itself. Grade: A- “First Cow” premiered at the 2019 Telluride Film Festival and next plays NYFF. A24 will release it in 2020. Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here.

Cattle A Swiss Braunvieh cow wearing a cowbell Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Bovinae Genus: Bos Species: B. taurus Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Bos taurus indicus Bos taurus taurus Bovine range Synonyms Bos primigenius Bos indicus Bos longifrons Cattle, or cows, are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos taurus. Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat ( beef or veal, see beef cattle) for milk (see dairy cattle) and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals ( oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements. Another product of cattle is dung, which can be used to create manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious meaning. Cattle, mostly small breeds such as the Miniature Zebu, are also kept as pets. Around 10, 500 years ago, cattle were domesticated from as few as 80 progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran. [1] According to an estimate from 2011, there are 1. 4 billion cattle in the world. [2] In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome. [3] Taxonomy Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia) Bos indicus, the zebu; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. [4] These have been reclassified as one species, Bos taurus, with three subspecies: Bos taurus primigenius, Bos taurus indicus, and Bos taurus taurus. [5] 6] Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus africanus) but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks (the dzo or yattle [7. banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. [8] The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. [9] However, cattle cannot be successfully hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo. The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Mazovia, Poland, in about 1627. [10] Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed. Etymology The noun cattle (which is treated as a plural and has no singular) encompasses both sexes. The singular, cow, technically means the female, the male being bull. The plural form cows is sometimes used colloquially to refer to both sexes collectively, as e. g. in a herd, but that usage can be misleading as the speaker's intent may indeed be just the females. The bovine species per se is clearly dimorphic. Cattle did not originate as the term for bovine animals. It was borrowed from Anglo-Norman catel, itself from medieval Latin capitale 'principal sum of money, capital' itself derived in turn from Latin caput 'head. Cattle originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens—they were sold as part of the land. 11] The word is a variant of chattel (a unit of personal property) and closely related to capital in the economic sense. [12] The term replaced earlier Old English feoh 'cattle, property' which survives today as fee (cf. German: Vieh, Dutch: vee, Gothic: faihu. The word "cow" came via Anglo-Saxon cū (plural cȳ) from Common Indo-European gʷōus ( genitive gʷowés. a bovine animal" compare Persian: gâv, Sanskrit: go- Welsh: buwch. [13] The plural cȳ became ki or kie in Middle English, and an additional plural ending was often added, giving kine, kien, but also kies, kuin and others. This is the origin of the now archaic English plural, kine. The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is "kye. In older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, cattle" refers to livestock, as opposed to "deer" which refers to wildlife. "Wild cattle" may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of "cattle" is usually restricted to domesticated bovines. [14] Terminology Look up cattle or cow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of the world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United States. [15] An "intact" i. e., not castrated) adult male is called a bull. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia. [16] An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the US and Canada. An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. A young female before she has had a calf of her own [17] and is under three years of age is called a heifer ( HEF -ər. 18] A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or simply feeders. After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks [19] if between one and two years of age. [20] A castrated male is called a steer in the United States; older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world, 21] but in North America this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls (uncastrated young male bulls) that were caught, castrated and then later lost. [16] In Australia, the term Japanese ox is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. [22] In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. [23] In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig. A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft or riding purposes is called an ox (plural oxen) ox may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver. [18] A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. [24] In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is called a freemartin. Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived) beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard and polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded or dehorned. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the American beef cattle industry, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast. [25] Cattle bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; 15] a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. A fresh cow is a dairy term for a cow or first-calf heifer who has recently given birth, or "freshened. " The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms bull, cow and calf are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants. Singular terminology issue "Cattle" can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. [26] Thus one may refer to "three cattle" or "some cattle" but not "one cattle. One head of cattle" is a valid though periphrastic way to refer to one animal of indeterminate or unknown age and sex; otherwise no universally used single-word singular form of cattle exists in modern English, other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, ox" was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for working cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and "grunting ox. yak) and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail. [27] Cow is in general use as a singular for the collective cattle. The word cow is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant—when "there is a cow in the road" for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and are used as oxen or slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster and Oxford Living Dictionaries recognize the sex-nonspecific use of cow as an alternate definition, 28] 29] whereas Collins and the OED do not. Colloquially, more general non specific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Head of cattle is usually used only after a numeral. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term beast or cattle beast. Bovine is also used in Britain. The term critter is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. [30] In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region) where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a "beef critter" though that term is becoming archaic. Other terminology Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the term beef (plural beeves) is still used in its archaic sense to refer to an animal of either sex. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called dairy cows or milking cows (formerly milch cows. Most young male offspring of dairy cows are sold for veal, and may be referred to as veal calves. The term dogies is used to describe orphaned calves in the context of ranch work in the American West, as in "Keep them dogies moving. 31] In some places, a cow kept to provide milk for one family is called a "house cow. Other obsolete terms for cattle include "neat" this use survives in " neatsfoot oil. extracted from the feet and legs of cattle) and "beefing" young animal fit for slaughter. An onomatopoeic term for one of the most common sounds made by cattle is moo (also called lowing. There are a number of other sounds made by cattle, including calves bawling, and bulls bellowing. Bawling is most common for cows after weaning of a calf. The bullroarer makes a sound similar to a bull's territorial call. [32] Characteristics Anatomy Displayed skeleton of a domestic cow Cattle are large quadrupedal ungulate mammals with cloven hooves. Most breeds have horns, which can be as large as the Texas Longhorn or small like a scur. Careful genetic selection has allowed polled (hornless) cattle to become widespread. Digestive system Cattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized to allow the use of poorly digestible plants as food. Cattle have one stomach with four compartments, the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment. The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the "honeycomb. The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the "many plies. The abomasum is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "true stomach. Cattle are known for regurgitating and re-chewing their food, known as cud chewing, like most ruminants. While the animal is feeding, the food is swallowed without being chewed and goes into the rumen for storage until the animal can find a quiet place to continue the digestion process. The food is regurgitated, a mouthful at a time, back up to the mouth, where the food, now called the cud, is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coarse vegetation to small particles. The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen. These microbes are primarily responsible for decomposing cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. The microbes inside the rumen also synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogenous sources, such as urea and ammonia. As these microbes reproduce in the rumen, older generations die and their cells continue on through the digestive tract. These cells are then partially digested in the small intestines, allowing cattle to gain a high-quality protein source. These features allow cattle to thrive on grasses and other tough vegetation. Gestation and size The gestation period for a cow is about nine months long. A newborn calf's size can vary among breeds, but a typical calf weighs between 25 to 45 kg (55 to 99 lb. Adult size and weight vary significantly among breeds and sex. Steers are generally killed before reaching 750 kg (1, 650 lb. Breeding stock may be allowed a longer lifespan, occasionally living as long as 25 years. The oldest recorded cow, Big Bertha, died at the age of 48 in 1993. Reproduction Reproductive system of a bovine female On farms it is very common to use artificial insemination (AI) a medically assisted reproduction technique consisting of the artificial deposition of semen in the female's genital tract. [33] It is used in cases where the spermatozoa can not reach the fallopian tubes or simply by choice of the owner of the animal. It consists of transferring, to the uterine cavity, spermatozoa previously collected and processed, with the selection of morphologically more normal and mobile spermatozoa. A cow's udder contains two pairs of mammary glands, commonly referred to as teats) creating four "quarters. 34] The front ones are referred to as fore quarters and the rear ones rear quarters. [35] Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age. Their fertility is closely related to the size of their testicles, and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum: a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches 28 centimetres (11 in) that of a fully adult bull may be over 40 centimetres (16 in. 36] 37] Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure. [38] 39] 40] Induced ovulation can be manipulated to produce farming benefits. For example, to synchronise ovulation of the cattle to benefit dairy farming. Weight The weight of adult cattle varies, depending on the breed. Smaller kinds, such as Dexter and Jersey adults, range between 272 to 454 kg (600 to 1, 000 lb. Large Continental breeds, such as Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue and Chianina, adults range from 635 to 1, 134 kg (1, 400 to 2, 500 lb. British breeds, such as Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn, mature between 454 to 907 kg (1, 000 to 2, 000 lb) occasionally higher, particularly with Angus and Hereford. [41] Bulls are larger than cows of the same breed by up to a few hundred kilograms. Chianina bulls can weigh up to 1, 500 kg (3, 300 lb) British bulls, such as Angus and Hereford, can weigh as little as 907 kg (2, 000 lb) to as much as 1, 361 kg (3, 000 lb. citation needed] The world record for the heaviest bull was 1, 740 kg (3, 840 lb) a Chianina named Donetto, when he was exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955. [42] The heaviest steer was eight-year-old 'Old Ben' a Shorthorn / Hereford cross weighing in at 2, 140 kg (4, 720 lb) in 1910. [43] In the United States, the average weight of beef cattle has steadily increased, especially since the 1970s, requiring the building of new slaughterhouses able to handle larger carcasses. New packing plants in the 1980s stimulated a large increase in cattle weights. [44] Before 1790 beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net; and thereafter weights climbed steadily. [45] 46] Cognition In laboratory studies, young cattle are able to memorize the locations of several food sources and retain this memory for at least 8 hours, although this declined after 12 hours. [47] Fifteen-month-old heifers learn more quickly than adult cows which have had either one or two calvings, but their longer-term memory is less stable. [48] Mature cattle perform well in spatial learning tasks and have a good long-term memory in these tests. Cattle tested in a radial arm maze are able to remember the locations of high-quality food for at least 30 days. Although they initially learn to avoid low-quality food, this memory diminishes over the same duration. [49] Under less artificial testing conditions, young cattle showed they were able to remember the location of feed for at least 48 days. [50] Cattle can make an association between a visual stimulus and food within 1 day—memory of this association can be retained for 1 year, despite a slight decay. [51] Calves are capable of discrimination learning [52] and adult cattle compare favourably with small mammals in their learning ability in the Closed-field Test. [53] They are also able to discriminate between familiar individuals, and among humans. Cattle can tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar animals of the same species (conspecifics. Studies show they behave less aggressively toward familiar individuals when they are forming a new group. [54] Calves can also discriminate between humans based on previous experience, as shown by approaching those who handled them positively and avoiding those who handled them aversively. [55] Although cattle can discriminate between humans by their faces alone, they also use other cues such as the color of clothes when these are available. [56] In audio play-back studies, calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations compared to the vocalizations of an unfamiliar mother. [57] In laboratory studies using images, cattle can discriminate between images of the heads of cattle and other animal species. [58] They are also able to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. Furthermore, they are able to categorize images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals. [54] When mixed with other individuals, cloned calves from the same donor form subgroups, indicating that kin discrimination occurs and may be a basis of grouping behaviour. It has also been shown using images of cattle that both artificially inseminated and cloned calves have similar cognitive capacities of kin and non-kin discrimination. [59] Cattle can recognize familiar individuals. Visual individual recognition is a more complex mental process than visual discrimination. It requires the recollection of the learned idiosyncratic identity of an individual that has been previously encountered and the formation of a mental representation. [60] By using 2-dimensional images of the heads of one cow (face, profiles, 3 4 views) all the tested heifers showed individual recognition of familiar and unfamiliar individuals from their own breed. Furthermore, almost all the heifers recognized unknown individuals from different breeds, although this was achieved with greater difficulty. Individual recognition was most difficult when the visual features of the breed being tested were quite different from the breed in the image, for example, the breed being tested had no spots whereas the image was of a spotted breed. [61] Cattle use visual/brain lateralisation in their visual scanning of novel and familiar stimuli. [62] Domestic cattle prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye, i. e. using the right brain hemisphere (similar to horses, Australian magpies, chicks, toads and fish) but use the right eye, i. using the left hemisphere, for viewing familiar stimuli. [63] Temperament and emotions Ear postures of cows are studied as indicators of their emotional state and overall animal welfare. [64] In cattle, temperament can affect production traits such as carcass and meat quality or milk yield as well as affecting the animal's overall health and reproduction. Cattle temperament is defined as "the consistent behavioral and physiological difference observed between individuals in response to a stressor or environmental challenge and is used to describe the relatively stable difference in the behavioral predisposition of an animal, which can be related to psychobiological mechanisms. 65] Generally, cattle temperament is assumed to be multidimensional. Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed: 66] shyness-boldness exploration-avoidance activity aggressiveness sociability In a study on Holstein–Friesian heifers learning to press a panel to open a gate for access to a food reward, the researchers also recorded the heart rate and behavior of the heifers when moving along the race towards the food. When the heifers made clear improvements in learning, they had higher heart rates and tended to move more vigorously along the race. The researchers concluded this was an indication that cattle may react emotionally to their own learning improvement. [67] Negative emotional states are associated with a bias toward negative responses towards ambiguous cues in judgement tasks. After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves showed such a cognitive bias indicative of low mood. [68] A similar study showed that after hot-iron disbudding ( dehorning) calves had a similar negative bias indicating that post-operative pain following this routine procedure results in a negative change in emotional state. [69] In studies of visual discrimination, the position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state. [54] When cattle are stressed other cattle can tell by the chemicals released in their urine. [70] Cattle are very gregarious and even short-term isolation is considered to cause severe psychological stress. When Aubrac and Friesian heifers are isolated, they increase their vocalizations and experience increased heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations. These physiological changes are greater in Aubracs. When visual contact is re-instated, vocalisations rapidly decline, regardless of the familiarity of the returning cattle, however, heart rate decreases are greater if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously-isolated individual. [71] Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle. [72] Senses Cattle use all of the five widely recognized sensory modalities. These can assist in some complex behavioural patterns, for example, in grazing behaviour. Cattle eat mixed diets, but when given the opportunity, show a partial preference of approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening. [73] Vision Vision is the dominant sense in cattle and they obtain almost 50% of their information visually. [74] Cattle are a prey animal and to assist predator detection, their eyes are located on the sides of their head rather than the front. This gives them a wide field of view of 330 but limits binocular vision (and therefore stereopsis) to 30 to 50 compared to 140 in humans. [54] 75] This means they have a blind spot directly behind them. Cattle have good visual acuity, 54] but compared to humans, their visual accommodation is poor. clarification needed] 74] Cattle have two kinds of color receptors in the cone cells of their retinas. This means that cattle are dichromatic, as are most other non-primate land mammals. [76] 77] There are two to three rods per cone in the fovea centralis but five to six near the optic papilla. [75] Cattle can distinguish long wavelength colors (yellow, orange and red) much better than the shorter wavelengths (blue, grey and green. Calves are able to discriminate between long (red) and short (blue) or medium (green) wavelengths, but have limited ability to discriminate between the short and medium. They also approach handlers more quickly under red light. [78] Whilst having good color sensitivity, it is not as good as humans or sheep. [54] A common misconception about cattle (particularly bulls) is that they are enraged by the color red (something provocative is often said to be "like a red flag to a bull. This is a myth. In bullfighting, it is the movement of the red flag or cape that irritates the bull and incites it to charge. [79] Taste Cattle have a well-developed sense of taste and can distinguish the four primary tastes (sweet, salty, bitter and sour. They possess around 20, 000 taste buds. The strength of taste perception depends on the individual's current food requirements. They avoid bitter-tasting foods (potentially toxic) and have a marked preference for sweet (high calorific value) and salty foods ( electrolyte balance. Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal pH. [74] Plants have low levels of sodium and cattle have developed the capacity of seeking salt by taste and smell. If cattle become depleted of sodium salts, they show increased locomotion directed to searching for these. To assist in their search, the olfactory and gustatory receptors able to detect minute amounts of sodium salts increase their sensitivity as biochemical disruption develops with sodium salt depletion. [80] 81] Audition Cattle hearing ranges from 23 Hz to 35 kHz. Their frequency of best sensitivity is 8 kHz and they have a lowest threshold of −21 db (re 20 μN/m −2) which means their hearing is more acute than horses (lowest threshold of 7 db. 82] Sound localization acuity thresholds are an average of 30. This means that cattle are less able to localise sounds compared to goats (18) dogs (8) and humans (0. 8. 83] Because cattle have a broad foveal fields of view covering almost the entire horizon, they may not need very accurate locus information from their auditory systems to direct their gaze to a sound source. Vocalisations are an important mode of communication amongst cattle and can provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller. Calves can recognize their mothers using vocalizations; vocal behaviour may play a role by indicating estrus and competitive display by bulls. [84] Olfaction and gustation Several senses are used in social relationships among cattle Cattle have a range of odiferous glands over their body including interdigital, infraorbital, inguinal and sebaceous glands, indicating that olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life. Both the primary olfactory system using the olfactory bulbs, and the secondary olfactory system using the vomeronasal organ are used. [85] This latter olfactory system is used in the flehmen response. There is evidence that when cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle and this is communicated by alarm substances in the urine. [70] The odour of dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior to cattle feeding, whereas the odours of urine from either stressed or non-stressed conspecifics and blood have no effect. [86] In the laboratory, cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only. [85] In general, cattle use their sense of smell to "expand" on information detected by other sensory modalities. However, in the case of social and reproductive behaviours, olfaction is a key source of information. [74] Touch Cattle have tactile sensations detected mainly by mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin and muzzle. These are used most frequently when cattle explore their environment. [74] Magnetoreception There is conflicting evidence for magnetoreception in cattle. One study reported that resting and grazing cattle tend to align their body axes in the geomagnetic North-South (N-S) direction. [87] In a follow-up study, cattle exposed to various magnetic fields directly beneath or in the vicinity of power lines trending in various magnetic directions exhibited distinct patterns of alignment. [88] However, in 2011, a group of Czech researchers reported their failed attempt to replicate the finding using Google Earth images. [89] Behavior Under natural conditions, calves stay with their mother until weaning at 8 to 11 months. Heifer and bull calves are equally attached to their mothers in the first few months of life. [90] Cattle are considered to be "hider" type animals. clarification needed] but in the artificial environment of small calving pens, close proximity between cow and calf is maintained by the mother at the first three calvings but this changes to being mediated by the calf after these. Primiparous dams show a higher incidence of abnormal maternal behavior. [91] Beef-calves reared on the range suckle an average of 5. 0 times every 24 hours with an average total time of 46 min spent suckling. There is a diurnal rhythm in suckling activity with peaks between 05:00–07:00, 10:00–13:00 and 17:00–21:00. [92] Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle ( Bos indicus) have shown that the cow weans her calves over a 2-week period, but after that, she continues to show strong affiliatory behavior with her offspring and preferentially chooses them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years. [93] Reproductive behavior Semi-wild Highland cattle heifers first give birth at 2 or 3 years of age, and the timing of birth is synchronized with increases in natural food quality. Average calving interval is 391 days, and calving mortality within the first year of life is 5. 94] Dominance and leadership One study showed that over a 4-year period, dominance relationships within a herd of semi-wild highland cattle were very firm. There were few overt aggressive conflicts and the majority of disputes were settled by agonistic (non-aggressive, competitive) behaviors that involved no physical contact between opponents (e. threatening and spontaneous withdrawing. Such agonistic behavior reduces the risk of injury. Dominance status depended on age and sex, with older animals generally being dominant to young ones and males dominant to females. Young bulls gained superior dominance status over adult cows when they reached about 2 years of age. [94] As with many animal dominance hierarchies, dominance-associated aggressiveness does not correlate with rank position, but is closely related to rank distance between individuals. [94] Dominance is maintained in several ways. Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way. Licking is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals. Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by bulls and sometimes by cows in estrus, 95] however, this is not a dominance related behavior as has been found in other species. [94] The horns of cattle are " honest signals " used in mate selection. Furthermore, horned cattle attempt to keep greater distances between themselves and have fewer physical interactions than hornless cattle. This leads to more stable social relationships. [96] In calves, the frequency of agonistic behavior decreases as space allowance increases, but this does not occur for changes in group size. However, in adult cattle, the number of agonistic encounters increases as the group size increases. [97] Grazing behavior When grazing, cattle vary several aspects of their bite, i. tongue and jaw movements, depending on characteristics of the plant they are eating. Bite area decreases with the density of the plants but increases with their height. Bite area is determined by the sweep of the tongue; in one study observing 750-kilogram (1, 650 lb) steers, bite area reached a maximum of approximately 170 cm 2 (30 sq in. Bite depth increases with the height of the plants. By adjusting their behavior, cattle obtain heavier bites in swards that are tall and sparse compared with short, dense swards of equal mass/area. [98] Cattle adjust other aspects of their grazing behavior in relation to the available food; foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage. [99] Cattle avoid grazing areas contaminated by the faeces of other cattle more strongly than they avoid areas contaminated by sheep, 100] but they do not avoid pasture contaminated by rabbit faeces. [101] Genetics In 24 April 2009, edition of the journal Science, a team of researchers led by the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Agriculture reported having mapped the bovine genome. [102] The scientists found cattle have about 22, 000 genes, and 80% of their genes are shared with humans, and they share about 1000 genes with dogs and rodents, but are not found in humans. Using this bovine "HapMap" researchers can track the differences between the breeds that affect the quality of meat and milk yields. [103] Behavioral traits of cattle can be as heritable as some production traits, and often, the two can be related. [104] The heritability of fear varies markedly in cattle from low (0. 1) to high (0. 53) such high variation is also found in pigs and sheep, probably due to differences in the methods used. [105] The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0. 36 and 0. 46 for habituation to handling. [106] Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0. 36. [107] Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle. [108] Domestication and husbandry Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, having been domesticated since at least the early neolithic age. Archeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild aurochs ( Bos primigenius) approximately 10, 500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in the Near East (specifically central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran) giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line. [109] Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of Mesopotamia near the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in what is now southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in what is now northern Iraq. [1] Although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants. [109] A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe. [110] Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from North African aurochsen. [109] Usage as money As early as 9000 BC both grain and cattle were used as money or as barter (the first grain remains found, considered to be evidence of pre-agricultural practice date to 17, 000 BC. 111] 112] 113] Some evidence also exists to suggest that other animals, such as camels and goats, may have been used as currency in some parts of the world. [114] One of the advantages of using cattle as currency is that it allows the seller to set a fixed price. It even created the standard pricing. For example, two chickens were traded for one cow as cows were deemed to be more valuable than chickens. [112] Modern husbandry This Hereford is being inspected for ticks. Cattle are often restrained or confined in cattle crushes (squeeze chutes) when given medical attention. This young bovine has a nose ring to prevent it from suckling, which is usually to assist in weaning. Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising cattle in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical operations, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Also, some cultural differences occur in working with cattle; the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as fences. [115] Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce M. bovis infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease. [116] Cattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, and leather. They are less commonly used for conservation grazing, or simply to maintain grassland for wildlife, such as in Epping Forest, England. They are often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semidesert. Modern cattle are more commercial than older breeds and, having become more specialized, are less versatile. For this reason, many smaller farmers still favor old breeds, such as the Jersey dairy breed. In Portugal, Spain, southern France and some Latin American countries, bulls are used in the activity of bullfighting; Jallikattu in India is a bull taming sport radically different from European bullfighting, humans are unarmed and bulls are not killed. In many other countries bullfighting is illegal. Other activities such as bull riding are seen as part of a rodeo, especially in North America. Bull-leaping, a central ritual in Bronze Age Minoan culture (see Sacred Bull) still exists in southwestern France. In modern times, cattle are also entered into agricultural competitions. These competitions can involve live cattle or cattle carcases in hoof and hook events. In terms of food intake by humans, consumption of cattle is less efficient than of grain or vegetables with regard to land use, and hence cattle grazing consumes more area than such other agricultural production when raised on grains. [117] Nonetheless, cattle and other forms of domesticated animals can sometimes help to use plant resources in areas not easily amenable to other forms of agriculture. Bulls are sometimes used as guard animals. [118] 119] Sleep The average sleep time of a domestic cow is about 4 hours a day. [120] Cattle do have a stay apparatus, 121] but do not sleep standing up, 122] they lie down to sleep deeply. [123] In spite of the urban legend, cows cannot be tipped over by people pushing on them. [124] Economy Holstein cattle are the primary dairy breed, bred for high milk production. The meat of adult cattle is known as beef, and that of calves is veal. Other animal parts are also used as food products, including blood, liver, kidney, heart and oxtail. Cattle also produce milk, and dairy cattle are specifically bred to produce the large quantities of milk processed and sold for human consumption. Cattle today are the basis of a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide. The international trade in beef for 2000 was over 30 billion and represented only 23% of world beef production. [125] Approximately 300 million cattle, including dairy cattle, are slaughtered each year for food. [126] The production of milk, which is also made into cheese, butter, yogurt, and other dairy products, is comparable in economic size to beef production, and provides an important part of the food supply for many of the world's people. Cattle hides, used for leather to make shoes, couches and clothing, are another widespread product. Cattle remain broadly used as draft animals in many developing countries, such as India. Cattle are also used in some sporting games, including rodeo and bullfighting. Cattle meat production Cattle meat production (kt) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 Argentina 3132 3378 2630 2497 Australia 2132 2124 2420 Brazil 9024 9395 9115 9030 China 5841 6060 6244 6182 Germany 1199 1190 1205 1170 Japan 520 517 515 500 US 12163 11891 12046 11988 Source: Helgi Library, 127] World Bank, FAOSTAT About half the world's meat comes from cattle. [128] Dairy Certain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk, 129] 130] which can be processed into dairy products such as milk, cheese or yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product. [131] For dairy cattle to continue producing milk, they must give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it generally is slaughtered at a young age to produce veal. [132] They will continue to produce milk until three weeks before birth. [130] Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The Holstein-Friesian is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. Around 22 litres per day is average in the UK. [129] 130] Hides Most cattle are not kept solely for hides, which are usually a by-product of beef production. Hides are most commonly used for leather, which can be made into a variety of product, including shoes. In 2012 India was the world's largest producer of cattle hides. [133] Feral cattle Feral cattle are defined as being 'cattle that are not domesticated or cultivated. 134] Populations of feral cattle are known to come from and exist in: Australia, United States of America, 135] Colombia, Argentina, Spain, France and many islands, including New Guinea, Hawaii, Galapagos, Juan Fernández Islands, Hispaniola ( Dominican Republic and Haiti) Tristan da Cunha and Île Amsterdam, 136] two islands of Kuchinoshima [137] and Kazura Island next to Naru Island in Japan. [138] 139] Chillingham cattle is sometimes regarded as a feral breed. [140] Aleutian wild cattles can be found on Aleutian Islands. [141] The "Kinmen cattle" which is dominantly found on Kinmen Island, Taiwan is mostly domesticated while smaller portion of the population is believed to live in the wild due to accidental releases. [142] Other notable examples include cattle in the vicinity of Hong Kong (in the Shing Mun Country Park, 143] among Sai Kung District [144] and Lantau Island [145] and on Grass Island [146. and semi-feral animals in Yangmingshan, Taiwan. [147] Environmental impact Estimated virtual water requirements for various foods (m³ water/ton) 148] Hoekstra & Hung (2003) Chapagain & Hoekstra Zimmer & Renault Oki et al. (2003) Average Beef 15, 977 13, 500 20, 700 16, 730 Pork 5, 906 4, 600 5, 900 5, 470 Cheese 5, 288 5, 290 Poultry 2, 828 4, 100 4, 500 3, 810 Eggs 4, 657 2, 700 3, 200 3, 520 Rice 2, 656 1, 400 3, 600 2, 550 Soybeans 2, 300 2, 750 2, 500 2, 520 Wheat 1, 150 1, 160 2, 000 1, 440 Maize 450 710 1, 900 1, 020 Milk 865 790 560 740 Potatoes 160 105 130 Mean greenhouse gas emissions for different food types [149] Food Types Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO 2 -C eq per g protein) Ruminant Meat 62 Recirculating Aquaculture 30 Trawling Fishery 26 Non-recirculating Aquaculture 12 10 9. 1 Non-trawling Fishery 8. 6 6. 8 Starchy Roots 1. 7 1. 2 Legumes 0. 25 Mean land use of different foods [150] Land Use (m 2 year per 100g protein) Lamb and Mutton 185 164 41 11 7. 1 5. 7 Farmed Fish 3. 7 Groundnuts 3. 5 Peas 3. 4 Tofu 2. 2 Mean acidifying emissions (air pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein [150] Acidifying Emissions (g SO 2 eq per 100g protein) 343. 6 165. 5 142. 7 139. 0 Farmed Crustaceans 133. 1 102. 4 65. 9 53. 7 22. 6 8. 5 6. 7 Mean eutrophying emissions (water pollution) of different foods per 100g of protein [150] Eutrophying Emissions (g PO 4 3- eq per 100g protein) 365. 3 235. 1 227. 2 98. 4 97. 1 76. 4 48. 7 21. 8 14. 1 7. 2 Cattle in dry landscape north of Alice Springs, Australia (CSIRO) Cattle freely roam in the Norwegian mountains in summer, here in Oppdal. Gut flora in cattle include methanogens that produce methane as a byproduct of enteric fermentation, which cattle belch out. The same volume of atmospheric methane has a higher global warming potential than atmospheric carbon dioxide. [151] 152] Methane belching from cattle can be reduced with genetic selection, immunization, rumen defaunation, diet modification, decreased antibiotic use, and grazing management, among others. [153] 154] 155] 156] A report from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that the livestock sector is "responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions. 157] The IPCC estimates that cattle and other livestock emit about 80 to 93 Megatonnes of methane per year, 158] accounting for an estimated 37% of anthropogenic methane emissions, 157] and additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of manure in manure lagoons and other manure storage structures. [159] The net change in atmospheric methane content was recently about 1 Megatonne per year, 160] and in some recent years there has been no increase in atmospheric methane content. [161] While cattle fed forage actually produce more methane than grain-fed cattle, the increase may be offset by the increased carbon recapture of pastures, which recapture three times the CO 2 of cropland used for grain. [162] One of the cited changes suggested to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is intensification of the livestock industry, since intensification leads to less land for a given level of production. This assertion is supported by studies of the US beef production system, suggesting practices prevailing in 2007 involved 8. 6% less fossil fuel use, 16. 3% less greenhouse gas emissions, 12. 1% less water use, and 33. 0% less land use, per unit mass of beef produced, than those used in 1977. [163] The analysis took into account not only practices in feedlots, but also feed production (with less feed needed in more intensive production systems) forage-based cow-calf operations and back-grounding before cattle enter a feedlot (with more beef produced per head of cattle from those sources, in more intensive systems) and beef from animals derived from the dairy industry. The number of American cattle kept in confined feedlot conditions fluctuates. From 1 January 2002 through 1 January 2012, there was no significant overall upward or downward trend in the number of US cattle on feed for slaughter, which averaged about 14. 046 million head over that period. [164] 165] Previously, the number had increased; it was 12. 453 million in 1985. [166] Cattle on feed (for slaughter) numbered about 14. 121 million on 1 January 2012, i. about 15. 5% of the estimated inventory of 90. 8 million US cattle (including calves) on that date. Of the 14. 121 million, US cattle on feed (for slaughter) in operations with 1000 head or more were estimated to number 11. 9 million. [165] Cattle feedlots in this size category correspond to the regulatory definition of "large" concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) for cattle other than mature dairy cows or veal calves. [167] Significant numbers of dairy, as well as beef cattle, are confined in CAFOs, defined as "new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified" 168] where " c]rops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility. 169] They may be designated as small, medium and large. Such designation of cattle CAFOs is according to cattle type (mature dairy cows, veal calves or other) and cattle numbers, but medium CAFOs are so designated only if they meet certain discharge criteria, and small CAFOs are designated only on a case-by-case basis. [170] A CAFO that discharges pollutants is required to obtain a permit, which requires a plan to manage nutrient runoff, manure, chemicals, contaminants, and other wastewater pursuant to the US Clean Water Act. [171] The regulations involving CAFO permitting have been extensively litigated. [172] Commonly, CAFO wastewater and manure nutrients are applied to land at agronomic rates for use by forages or crops, and it is often assumed that various constituents of wastewater and manure, e. organic contaminants and pathogens, will be retained, inactivated or degraded on the land with application at such rates; however, additional evidence is needed to test reliability of such assumptions. [173] Concerns raised by opponents of CAFOs have included risks of contaminated water due to feedlot runoff, 174] soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and an increase in E. coli contamination. [175] While research suggests some of these impacts can be mitigated by developing wastewater treatment systems [174] and planting cover crops in larger setback zones, 176] the Union of Concerned Scientists released a report in 2008 concluding that CAFOs are generally unsustainable and externalize costs. [162] An estimated 935, 000 cattle operations were operating in the US in 2010. [177] In 2001, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tallied 5, 990 cattle CAFOs then regulated, consisting of beef (2, 200) dairy (3, 150) heifer (620) and veal operations (20. 178] Since that time, the EPA has established CAFOs as an enforcement priority. EPA enforcement highlights for fiscal year 2010 indicated enforcement actions against 12 cattle CAFOs for violations that included failures to obtain a permit, failures to meet the terms of a permit, and discharges of contaminated water. [179] Another concern is manure, which if not well-managed, can lead to adverse environmental consequences. However, manure also is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter when used as a fertilizer. [180] Manure was used as a fertilizer on about 6, 400, 000 hectares (15. 8 million acres) of US cropland in 2006, with manure from cattle accounting for nearly 70% of manure applications to soybeans and about 80% or more of manure applications to corn, wheat, barley, oats and sorghum. [181] Substitution of manure for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 megajoules of fossil fuel energy would be used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers. [182] Grazing by cattle at low intensities can create a favourable environment for native herbs and forbs by mimicking the native grazers who they displaced; in many world regions, though, cattle are reducing biodiversity due to overgrazing. [183] A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. [184] Proper management of pastures, notably managed intensive rotational grazing and grazing at low intensities can lead to less use of fossil fuel energy, increased recapture of carbon dioxide, fewer ammonia emissions into the atmosphere, reduced soil erosion, better air quality, and less water pollution. [162] Health The veterinary discipline dealing with cattle and cattle diseases (bovine veterinary) is called buiatrics. [185] Veterinarians and professionals working on cattle health issues are pooled in the World Association for Buiatrics, founded in 1960. [186] National associations and affiliates also exist. [187] Cattle diseases were in the center of attention in the 1980s and 1990s when the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) also known as mad cow disease, was of concern. Cattle might catch and develop various other diseases, like blackleg, bluetongue, foot rot too. [188] 189] 190] In most states, as cattle health is not only a veterinarian issue, but also a public health issue, public health and food safety standards and farming regulations directly affect the daily work of farmers who keep cattle. [191] However, said rules change frequently and are often debated. For instance, in the U. K., it was proposed in 2011 that milk from tuberculosis -infected cattle should be allowed to enter the food chain. [192] Internal food safety regulations might affect a country's trade policy as well. For example, the United States has just reviewed its beef import rules according to the "mad cow standards" while Mexico forbids the entry of cattle who are older than 30 months. [193] Cow urine is commonly used in India for internal medical purposes. [194] 195] It is distilled and then consumed by patients seeking treatment for a wide variety of illnesses. [196] At present, no conclusive medical evidence shows this has any effect. [197] However, an Indian medicine containing cow urine has already obtained U. S. patents. [198] Digital dermatitis is caused by the bacteria from the genus Treponema. It differs from foot rot and can appear under unsanitary conditions such as poor hygiene or inadequate hoof trimming, among other causes. It primarily affects dairy cattle and has been known to lower the quantity of milk produced, however the milk quality remains unaffected. Cattle are also susceptible to ringworm caused by the fungus, Trichophyton verrucosum, a contagious skin disease which may be transferred to humans exposed to infected cows. [199] Effect of high stocking density Stocking density refers to the number of animals within a specified area. When stocking density reaches high levels, the behavioural needs of the animals may not be met. This can negatively influence health, welfare and production performance. [200] The effect of overstocking in cows can have a negative effect on milk production and reproduction rates which are two very important traits for dairy farmers. Overcrowding of cows in barns has been found to reduced feeding, resting and rumination. [200] Although they consume the same amount of dry matter within the span of a day, they consume the food at a much more rapid rate, and this behaviour in cows can lead to further complications. [201] The feeding behaviour of cows during their post-milking period is very important as it has been proven that the longer animals can eat after milking, the longer they will be standing up and therefore causing less contamination to the teat ends. [202] This is necessary to reduce the risk of mastitis as infection has been shown to increase the chances of embryonic loss. [203] Sufficient rest is important for dairy cows because it is during this period that their resting blood flow increases up to 50% this is directly proportionate to milk production. [202] Each additional hour of rest can be seen to translate to 2 to 3. 5 more pounds of milk per cow daily. Stocking densities of anything over 120% have been shown to decrease the amount of time cows spend lying down. [204] Cortisol is an important stress hormone; its plasma concentrations increase greatly when subjected to high levels of stress. [205] Increased concentration levels of cortisol have been associated with significant increases in gonadotrophin levels and lowered progestin levels. Reduction of stress is important in the reproductive state of cows as an increase in gonadotrophin and lowered progesterone levels may impinge on the ovulatory and lutenization process and to reduce the chances of successful implantation. [206] A high cortisol level will also stimulate the degradation of fats and proteins which may make it difficult for the animal to sustain its pregnancy if implanted successfully. [205] Animal cruelty concerns Animal rights activists have criticized the treatment of cattle, claiming that common practices in cattle husbandry, slaughter, and entertainment unnecessarily cause cattle fear, stress, and pain. They advocate for abstaining from the consumption of cattle-related animal products (such as beef, cow's milk, veal, and leather) and cattle-based entertainment (such as rodeos and bullfighting) in order to end one's participation in the cruelty, claiming that the animals are only treated this way due to market forces and popular demand. Beef cattle The following practices have been criticized by animal welfare and animal rights groups: 207] branding, 208] castration, 209] dehorning, 210] ear tagging, 211] nose ringing, 212] restraint, 213] tail docking, 214] the use of veal crates, 215] and cattle prods. [216] Further, the stress induced by high stocking density (such as in feedlots, auctions, and during transport) is known to negatively affect the health of cattle, 217] 218] and has also been criticized. [219] 220] Dairy cows While the treatment of dairy cows is similar to that of beef cattle, especially towards the end of their life, it has faced additional criticism. [221] To produce milk from dairy cattle, most calves are separated from their mothers soon after birth and fed milk replacement in order to retain the cows' milk for human consumption. [222] Animal welfare advocates point out that this breaks the natural bond between the mother and her calf. [222] Unwanted male calves are either slaughtered at birth or sent for veal production. [222] To prolong lactation, dairy cows are almost permanently kept pregnant through artificial insemination. [222] Because of this, some feminists state that dairy production is based on the sexual exploitation of cows. [223] 224] Although cows' natural life expectancy is about twenty years, 225] after about five years the cows' milk production has dropped; they are then considered "spent" and are sent to slaughter, which is considered cruel by some. [226] 227] Leather While leather is often a by-product of slaughter, in some countries, such as India and Bangladesh, cows are raised primarily for their leather. These leather industries often make their cows walk long distances across borders to be killed in neighboring provinces and countries where cattle slaughter is legal. Some cows die along the long journey, and exhausted animals are often beaten and have chili and tobacco rubbed into their eyes to make them keep walking. [228] These practices have faced backlash from various animal rights groups. [229] 230] Rodeos There has been a long history of protests against rodeos, 231] with the opposition saying that rodeos are unnecessary and cause stress, injury, and death to the animals. [232] 233] Running of the bulls The running of the bulls faces opposition due to the stress and injuries incurred by the bulls during the event. [234] Bullfighting Bullfighting is considered by many people, including animal rights and animal welfare advocates, to be a cruel, barbaric blood sport in which bulls are forced to suffer severe stress and a slow, torturous death. [235] A number of animal rights and animal welfare groups are involved in anti-bullfighting activities. [236] Oxen Main article: Ox Oxen (singular ox) are cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult, castrated males of larger breeds, although females and bulls are also used in some areas. Usually, an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and to allow it to grow to full size. Oxen are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, irrigation by powering pumps, and wagon drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact, select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting, with additional pairs added when more power is required, sometimes up to a total of 20 or more. Oxen used in traditional ploughing – Karnataka Oxen can be trained to respond to a teamster 's signals. These signals are given by verbal commands or by noise (whip cracks. Verbal commands vary according to dialect and local tradition. Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed. Many oxen are used worldwide, especially in developing countries. About 11. 3 million draft oxen are used in sub-Saharan Africa. [237] In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65. 7 million head. [238] About half the world's crop production is thought to depend on land preparation (such as plowing) made possible by animal traction. [239] Religion, traditions and folklore Islamic traditions The cow is mentioned often in the Quran. The second and longest surah of the Quran is named Al-Baqara ( The Cow. Out of the 286 verses of the surah, seven mention cows (Al Baqarah 67–73. 240] 241] The name of the surah derives from this passage in which Moses orders his people to sacrifice a cow in order to resurrect a man murdered by an unknown person. [242] Hindu tradition Worldwide laws on killing cattle for consumption Cattle killing is legal Cattle killing is partially illegal 1 Unknown 1 the laws vary internally Cattle are venerated within the Hindu religion of India. In the Vedic period they were a symbol of plenty [243] 130 and were frequently slaughtered. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the Mahabharata, they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother. 244] In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers. [243] 144 Although there has never been any cow-goddesses or temples dedicated to them, 243] 146 cows appear in numerous stories from the Vedas and Puranas. The deity Krishna was brought up in a family of cowherders, and given the name Govinda (protector of the cows. Also, Shiva is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named Nandi. Hinduism considers cows as divine and satvik (with pure virtues) and they are worshipped as goddesses. Medical science stresses the importance of the cow for her milk, her urine as well as her excreta in our day-to-day life. Govidyapeetham, India aims to revive reproduction methodologies undertaken by Balram (brother of Lord Krishna, a deity in Hinduism) combining with modern technology. [245] Ancient cattle reproduction methodologies revived at Govidyapeetham, India Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals. [243] 130 In the postvedic period products of the cow—milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine ( gomutra) or the combination of these five ( panchagavya)—began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation. [243] 130–131 Veneration of the cow has become a symbol of the identity of Hindus as a community, 243] 20 especially since the end of the 19th century. Slaughter of cows (including oxen, bulls and calves) is forbidden by law in several states of the Indian Union. McDonald's outlets in India do not serve any beef burgers. In Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's empire of the early 19th century, the killing of a cow was punishable by death. [246] Other traditions Legend of the founding of Durham Cathedral is that monks carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert were led to the location by a milk maid who had lost her dun cow, which was found resting on the spot. An idealized depiction of girl cow herders in 19th-century Norway by Knud Bergslien The Evangelist St. Luke is depicted as an ox in Christian art. In Judaism, as described in Numbers 19:2, the ashes of a sacrificed unblemished red heifer that has never been yoked can be used for ritual purification of people who came into contact with a corpse. The ox is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. See: Ox (Zodiac. The constellation Taurus represents a bull. An apocryphal story has it that a cow started the Great Chicago Fire by kicking over a kerosene lamp. Michael Ahern, the reporter who created the cow story, admitted in 1893 that he had fabricated it for more colorful copy. On 18 February 1930, Elm Farm Ollie became the first cow to fly in an airplane and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane. The first known law requiring branding in North America was enacted on 5 February 1644, by Connecticut. It said that all cattle and pigs had to have a registered brand or earmark by 1 May 1644. [247] The akabeko ( 赤べこ, red cow) is a traditional toy from the Aizu region of Japan that is thought to ward off illness. [248] The case of Sherwood v. Walker —involving a supposedly barren heifer that was actually pregnant—first enunciated the concept of mutual mistake as a means of destroying the meeting of the minds in contract law. citation needed] The Fulani of West Africa are the world's largest nomadic cattle-herders. The Maasai tribe of East Africa traditionally believe their god Engai entitled them to divine rights to the ownership of all cattle on earth. [249] In heraldry Cattle are typically represented in heraldry by the bull. Population For 2013, the FAO estimated global cattle numbers at 1. 47 billion. [250] Regionally, the FAO estimate for 2013 includes: Asia 497 million; South America 350 million; Africa 307 million; Europe 122 million; North America 102 million; Central America 47 million; Oceania 40 million; and Caribbean 9 million. Cattle population Region 2009 [251] 2013 [251] 2016 [251] Brazil 205, 308, 000 186, 646, 205 218, 225, 177 India 195, 815, 000 194, 655, 285 185, 987, 136 United States 94, 721, 000 96, 956, 461 91, 918, 000 European Union 90, 685, 000 88, 001, 000 90, 057, 000 China 82, 625, 000 102, 668, 900 84, 523, 418 Argentina 54, 464, 000 52, 509, 049 52, 636, 778 Pakistan 33, 029, 000 26, 007, 848 42, 800, 000 Mexico 32, 307, 000 31, 222, 196 33, 918, 906 Australia 27, 907, 000 27, 249, 291 24, 971, 349 Bangladesh 22, 976, 000 22, 844, 190 23, 785, 000 Russia 21, 038, 000 28, 685, 315 18, 991, 955 South Africa 13, 761, 000 13, 526, 296 13, 400, 272 Canada 13, 030, 000 13, 287, 866 12, 035, 000 Others 523, 776, 000 554, 786, 000 624, 438, 000 Gallery Bovine anatomical model Didactic model of a bovine muscular system See also References ^ a b Bollongino, R. Burger, J. Powell, A. Mashkour, M. Vigne, J. -D. Thomas, M. G. (2012. 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Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013. ^ Govidyapitham – Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation. Retrieved 28 January 2018. ^ Swamy, Subramanian (19 January 2016. Save the cow, save earth. Express Buzz. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ Kane, J. Anzovin, S. Podell, J. Famous First Facts. New York, NY: H. Wilson Company. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8242-0930-8. ^ Madden, Thomas (May 1992. Akabeko Archived 21 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. OUTLOOK. Online copy accessed 18 January 2007. ^ Patrick Mendis 2007. Glocalization: The Human Side of Globalization... p160 ^ FAOSTAT. [Agricultural statistics database] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. "Faostat. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016. ^ a b c "Live Animals. FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bos taurus. Bhattacharya, S. Cattle ownership makes it a man's world... Retrieved 26 December 2006. Cattle Today (CT. 2006. Website. Breeds of cattle. Cattle Today. Retrieved 26 December 2006 Clay, J. World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-370-0. Clutton-Brock, J. A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63495-4. Purdy, Herman R. R. John Dawes; Dr. Robert Hough (2008. Breeds Of Cattle (2nd ed. – A visual textbook containing History/Origin, Phenotype & Statistics of 45 breeds. Huffman, B. The ultimate ungulate page... Retrieved 26 December 2006. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG. Bos taurus. Global Invasive Species Database. Johns, Catherine. 2011 Cattle: History, Myth, Art. London: The British Museum Press. 978-0-7141-5084-0 Nowak, R. and Paradiso, J. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2525-3 Oklahoma State University (OSU. Breeds of Cattle. Retrieved 5 January 2007. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS. Holy cow. PBS Nature. Retrieved 5 January 2007. Rath, S. 1998. The Complete Cow. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-375-9. Raudiansky, S. The Covenant of the Wild. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-09610-7. Spectrum Commodities (SC. Live cattle... Retrieved 5 January 2007. Voelker, W. 1986. The Natural History of Living Mammals. Medford, NJ: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-937548-08-1. Yogananda, P. 1946. The Autobiography of a Yogi. Los Angeles: Self Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0-87612-083-4.

Directed by Kelly Reichardt Written by Kelly Reichardt and Jon Raymond Starring John Magaro, Orion Lee, Toby Jones, and Ewen Bremner Synopsis Kelly Reichardt once again trains her perceptive and patient eye on the Pacific Northwest, this time evoking an authentically hardscrabble early nineteenth century way of life. A taciturn loner and skilled cook (John Magaro) has traveled west and joined a group of fur trappers in Oregon Territory, though he only finds true connection with a Chinese immigrant (Orion Lee) also seeking his fortune; soon the two collaborate on a successful business, although its longevity is reliant upon the clandestine participation of a nearby wealthy landowners prized milking cow. From this simple premise Reichardt constructs an interrogation of foundational Americana that recalls her earlier triumph Old Joy in its sensitive depiction of male friendship, yet is driven by a mounting suspense all its own. Reichardt again shows her distinct talent for depicting the peculiar rhythms of daily living and ability to capture the immense, unsettling quietude of rural America.

YouTube. First Cow Movie watch video. Reichardt's latest world premiered to critical acclaim at the 2019 Telluride Film Festival. “First Cow” A24 A24 had an incredibly strong 2019 thanks to films such as “The Souvenir, ” “The Farewell, ” “The Lighthouse, ” “The Last Black Man in San Francisco, ” and “Uncut Gems, ” among other titles, and now the popular indie studio and distributor is set to begin the new year on a high note with the upcoming release of Kelly Reichardt s “ First Cow. ” The intimate character drama is Reichardts first release since 2016s “Certain Women. ” “First Cow” world premiered to critical acclaim at the 2019 Telluride Film Festival and also screened at NYFF. “First Cow, ” based on the novel “The Half Life” by Jonathan Raymond, is set during the 19th Century and stars indie mainstay John Magaro as a skilled cook who joins a group of fur trappers in the Oregon Territory. The cook befriends a Chinese immigrant (Orion Lee) and the two collaborate on a successful business, although its longevity is reliant upon the participation of a nearby wealthy landowners prized milking cow. IndieWire senior film critic Eric Kohn gave “First Cow” a rave review out of the Telluride Film Festival last year, calling Reichardts latest a “sweet and tender buddy movie. ” “Reichardt has crafted a wondrous little story about two friends roaming the natural splendors of the Pacific Northwest, ” Kohn writes in his A- review. “The appeal of this hypnotic, unpredictable movie comes from how they find that place through mutual failure, and the nature of that outcome in the context of an early, untamed America has rich implications that gradually seep into the frame. Reichardt excels at communing with natural beauty and humankinds complex relationship to it, but ‘First Cow pushes that motif into timeless resonance. ” “First Cow” is one of two indies A24 has set for release this March. “First Cow” will be followed by “Saint Maud, ” Rose Glass psychological horror movie starring Morfydd Clark. The studio also has new films from Janicza Bravo (“Zola”) Kogonada (“After Yang”) Joanna Hogg (“The Souvenir Part II”) and Sofia Coppola (“On the Rocks”) expected to debut in 2020. A24 will release “First Cow” in select theaters beginning March 6. Watch the official trailer in the video below. Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here.

Seeya guys in 2022 when this actually gets released 😁. Look into that cows big brown eyes and tell it what you put in your coffee this morning! Right on the heels of the explosive report that the demands of the almond-milk industry are wiping out millions of innocent honeybees, the First Cow trailer is here to remind you of good ol 2 percent. Or, I guess in the case of this 19th-century period piece, unpasteurized. Kelly Reichardts First Cow tells the story of a cook, Cookie, John Magaro) and King Lu (Orion Lee) a Chinese immigrant, in the Oregon Territory who use the milk from a rich landowners cow to start a little business making delicious, lactose-heavy meals and treats, much to the delight of homesick Brits. “History isnt here yet, ” King Lu muses. “Its coming, but maybe this time we can take it on our own terms. ” First Cow is based on the novel The Half-Life, by Jonathan Raymond. Reichardts first release since 2016s Certain Women, it opened at the 2019 Telluride Film Festival to critical acclaim. Now, First Cow is hitting theaters on March 6, grass-fed and ready to be enjoyed. First Cow Trailer Is the Perfect Substitute for Almond Milk.

Oh actually a lill early! I just looove your videos! You inspire me so much and I just love little joline😂🥰. First cow movie watch online free. I like John Magaro, been following him since The Big Short. So many cow farts, I can literally smell the ozone depletion. First Cow Movie watches. 11: 15 that was so toxic. First cow movie watch movie. First Cow movie watch. First cow movie watch 2016.

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